1.Visual Inspection
It is the least sphosticated and least expensive method. It involves classification of parts into family by looking either the physical parts or photograghs and arranging them into similar group.
2.Production flow analysis (PFA)
It is a method of identifying part family and associated machine tool grouping by analysing the route sheet (process planning) for parts produced in a given machine shop. It groups together the parts that have similar operation sequence and machine routings. The disadvantages is it blindly accept the excisting route sheet without considering whether they are logical or consistent.
3.Parts Classification and Coding
We are considering both the design and manufacturing attitudes of each Parts.
Design Attitudes:-basic internal shape and external shape,Length of dia. ratio,material type,tolerance
Manufacturing Attitudes:-major process,minor process,batch size,machine tool used,surface finish
Methods for finding different Part family
Part Family -Definition
It is a collection of parts which are similar either because of design attitude or manufaturing attitudes. The parts within the family are different but their similarities areclose enough to put them under the same part family.
AUTOMATED PROCESS PLANNING
Group Technology(GT)
It is manufacturing phylosphy similar parts are identified and grouped together to take their advantages of their similarity in manufacturing and design.
Parts Classfication and Coding
It is concern with identifying the similarities and relating this similarities to a coding system. Two types
- Design Attributes:-Such as geometrical shape and size
- Manufaturing Attributes:-Such as sequence of processing step required to make the part.
Program to reverse any number
14. Write a program to reverse any number?
#include
#include
void main()
{
int n,d r=0;
clrscr()
printf("enter the no");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(n>0)
{
d=n%10;
r=(r*10)+d;
n=n/10;
}
printf("reverse %d",r);
getch();
}
Algorithum
1.start
2.read the number n,d,r
3.calculate d=n%10
r=(r*10)+d
n=n/10
4.print r
5.stop
Result
The program is sucessfully executed and desired output is obtained
Output
enter 234
432
Evaluate Y=Xˆn
13. write a program to evaluate Y=Xˆn?
#include
#include
void main()
{
int Y=1,X,n,i=i;
clrscr();
printf("enter two numbers");
scanf("%d%d",&X&n);
while(i<=n)
{
Y=Y*X;
i++;
}
printf("%d',Y);
getch();
}
Algorithum
1.start
2.enter the values of X and n
3.check
4.calculate Y=Y*i
5.print the value of Y
6.stop
Result
The program is sucessfully executed and desired output is obtained
Output
Enter the two numbers 4 4
256
Find the factorial of a number
12.Write a program to find the factorial of a number?
#include
#include
void main()
{
int n,f=1,i=i;
clrscr();
printf("enter the no.");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(i<=n)
{
f=f*i;
i++;
}
printf("%d",f);
getch();
}
Algorithum
1.start
2.read n
3.calculate f=f*i
4.print factorial
5.stop
Result
The program is sucessfully executed and desired output is obtained
Output
Enter 2
2
find the sum of first ten natural numbers
11. Write a program to find the sum of first ten natural numbers?
#include
#include
void main()
{
int i=1,sum=o;
clrscr();
while(i<=10)
{
sum=sum+i;
i++;
}
printf("sum is %d", sum);
getch();
}
Algorithum
1.start
2.check the number is less than or equal to 10
3.calculate the sum of 10 natural numbers
4.print sum
5.stop
Result
The program is sucessfully executed and desired output is obtained
Output
55
find the largest among three numbers
10. Write a program find the largest among three numbers?
#include
#include
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
clrscr();
printf(" enter three nos.");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
if((a>b)&&(a>c)
printf("large%d",a);
else
if((b>c)&&(b>c))
printf("large%d",b);
else
printf("large%d',c);
getch();
}
Algorithum
1.start
2.read a,b,c
3.if (a>b)&(a>c)
4.print large is a
5.else
6.if (b>c)&(b>a)
7.print large is b
6.else
7.print large is c
8.stop
Result
The program is sucessfully executed and desired is obtained
Output
enter three numbers
1 3 5
large 5
find the largest of given two numbers
9. Write a Program to find the largest of given numbers?
#include
#include
void main()
{
int a,b;
printf("enter the numbers");
scanf(%d%d",&a,&b);
if(a>b)
printf("large %d ",a);
else
printf("small %d", a);
getch();
}
Algorithum
1.start
2.read a,b
3.if (a>b)
4.print large
5.else
6.print small
7.stop
Result
The program is sucessfully executed and desired output is obtained
Output
enter numbers
2 4
large 4
Check the number is a happy number
8. Write a program to find the number is a happy number?
#include
#include
void main()
{
int a,r1,r2,b,x,r3,r4;
clrscr();
printf("enter the number");
scanf("%d",&a);
x=a;
r1=a%10;
r2=a%100;
r3=(r2-r1)/10;
r4=(a-r2)/100;
b=(r1*r1*r1)+(r3*r3*r3)+(r4*r4*r4);
if(b==x)
printf("happy number");
else
printf("not");
getch();
}
Algorithum
1.start
2.read a
3.calculate
r1=a%10
r2=a%100
r3=(r2-r1)/10
r4=(a-r2)/100
b=r1³+r3³+r4³
5.if b=x
6.print happy no
7.else
8.print not
9.stop
Result
The program is sucessfully excecuted and desired output is obtained.
Output
enter the no.
153
happy no
The given number is positive or not
7. write a Program to find the given number is positive or not?
#include
#include
void main()
{
int a;
clrscr();
printf("enter the number");
scanf('%d",&a);
if(a>0)
{
printf("no is Positive");
}
printf("no. is not positive");
getch();
}
Algorithum
1.start
2.read a
3. if a>0
4.print no. is +ive
5.stop
Result
The program is sucessfully executed and desired output is obtained.
Output
Enter the number
2
no. is +ive
Definitions
1. Periodic motion –A motion which repeats itself after equal intervals of time is known as periodic motion. Any periodic can be represented by function x(t) in the period T, the function x(t) is called periodic function
2. Time Period – Time taken to complete one cycle is called periodic function.
3. Frequency –The number of cycles per unit time is known as frequency
4. Natural frequency – When no external force acts on the system after giving it an initial displacement , the body vibrates. These vibration are called free vibrations and their frequency as natural frequency. It is expressed in c/s or hertz
5. Amplitude – The max displacement of a vibrating body from its equilibrium position is called amplitude
6. Fundamental mode of vibration – The fundamental mode of vibration of a system is the mode having the lowest natural frequency
7. Resonance – When the frequency of external exitation is equal to the natural frequency of a vibrating body, the amplitude of vibration becomes excessively large. This concept is known as resonace
8. Mechanical System – The system consisting of mass shiftness and damping are known as mechanical system.
9. Continuous and Discrete system – Most of mechanical system include elastic members which have infinite number of degree of freedom. Such system are called continuous system or distributed system. Eg. Cantilever,Simply Supported beam System with finite number of degrees of freedom are called discrete system
10. Degree of freedom – The minimum no. of independent co-ordinates required to specify the motion of a system at any instant is known as degree of freedom of the system
11. Simple harmonic motion – A periodic motion of a particle whose acceleration is always directed towards the mean position and is proportional to its distance from the mean position is known as SHM. It may also defined as the motion of a projection of a particle moving round a circle with uniform angular velocity on a diameter.
12. Phase difference – the angle between two rotating vectors representing simple harmonic motion of the same frequency
Mechanical Vibration
The study of vibration is concerned with the oscillatory motion of bodies and the forces associated with them. All bodies possessing mass and elasticity are capable of vibrating. Thus most engineering machines and structures experiences vibration to some degree. Undesirable vibration in machines may cause the loosening of parts
Cause of vibration
1. Unbalanced forces –within machine itself,non-uniform material distribution
2. Dry friction between the two mating surfaces
3. External Excitation
4. Elastic nature of the system
5. Earth Quakes
6. Winds
Effect of vibration
• Excessive stress
• Undesirable noise
• Loosening of parts
• Partial or complete failure of parts
Uses
• Musical instruments
• Vibrating screen
• Shakers
• Stress relieving
Methods to reduce vibration
1. Removing the cause of vibration
2. Putting in screens if noise is the only objection
3. Resting the machinery in proper type of isolators
4. Shock Absorbers
5. Dynamic vibration absorber
Types of Damping
Viscous Damping
It is encountered by bodies moving at moderate speed through liquid. This type of damping leads to a resisting force proportional to the velocity. The damping force
Fd ∞ dx/dt
Fd =cx
‘c’ is the constant of proportionality and is called viscous damping Co-eff. With the dimension of N-S/m
Colomb Damping
This type of damping arises from sliding of dry surfaces.The friction force is nearly constant and depends upon the nature of sliding surface and normal pressure between them as expressed by the equation of kinetic friction
F = µN
Where µ =co-eff of friction
N = normal force
Solid or structural Damping
This is due to internal friction within the material itself.Experiment indicates that the solid damping differs from viscous damping in that it is independent of frequency and proportional to maximum stress of vibration cycle.
Slip or Intrefacial damping
Energy of vibration is dissipated by microscopic slip on the interfaces of machine parts in contact under fluctuating loads. Microscopic slip also occurs on the interface of the machine elements having various types of joints. This type is essentially of a linear type.
Check the number is odd or not
6.Write a program to check whether the number is odd or even?
#include
#include
void main ()
{
int a;
clrscr();
printf("enter the no.");
scanf("%d",&a);
if(a%2==0)
printf("no. is even %d",a);
else
printf("odd");
getch();
}
Algorithum
1.start
2.read a
3.if (a%2=0)
4.print even
5.else
6.print odd
7.stop
Result
The program was sucessfully executed and desired output is obtained
Output
enter the no
4
even
Reverse of a three digit number
5.Write a program to reverse a three digit number?
#include
#include
void main()
{
int a,r1,r2,b,c,rev;
clrscr();
printf("enter the no.");
scanf("%d",&a);
r1=a%10;
b=a/10;
r2=b%10;
c=b/10;
rev=(r1*100)+(r2*10)+c;
printf("reverse %d",rev);
getch();
}
Algorithum
1.start
2.read a
3.calculate
r1=a%10
b=a/10
r2=b/10
c=b/10
rev=(r1*100)+(r2*10)+c
4.print rev
5.stop
Result
The program was sucessfully executed and desired output is obtained
Output
enter the no.
123
reverse is 321
Sum of digits of a three digit number
4.Write a program to find the sum of digits of a three digit number?
#include
#include
{
int a,r1,r2,rt,s;
clrscr();
printf("enter the number");
scanf("%d",&a);
r1=a%10;
r2=a%100;
rt=(r2-r1)/10;
r3=(a-r2)/100;
s=r1+rt+r3;
Printf("sum is %d",s);
getch();
}
Algorithum
1.start
2.read a
3.calculate
r1=a%10
r2=a%100
rt=(r2-r1)/10
r3=(a-r2)/100
s=r1+rt+r3
4.print s
5.stop
Result
The program is sucessfully executed and desired output is obtained
Output
enter the no
153
result is 9
Area of a circle
3.Write a program to find the area of a circle?
#include
#include
{
int r;
float a, area;
clrscr();
a=3.14;
printf("enter no.");
scanf(%d",&r);
area=a*r*r;
printf("result is %f",area);
getch();
}
Algorithum
1.start
2.read radius r and a
3.calculate area =a*r*r
4.print area
5.stop
Result
The program is sucessfully executed and desired output is obtained
Output
enter r
2
result =12.56
Average of three numbers
2.Write a program to find the average of three numbers?
#include
#include
{
float a,b,c,avg;
clrscr();
printf("enter three numbers");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
avg=(a+b+c)/3;
printf("result is %f",avg);
getch();
}
Algorithum
1.start
2.read three numbers a b c
3.calculate avg =a+b+c/3
4.print avg
5.stop
Result
The program is sucessfully executed and the desired output is obtained.
Output
enter three nos.
2 4 6
result is 4
Add two numbers
1.Write a program to add two numbers?
#include
#include
{
int a,b,sum;
clrscr();
printf("enter the no.");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
sum=a+b;
printf("result is %d",sum);
getch();
}
Algorithum
1.start
2.read two numbers a and b
3.calculate the sum =a + b
4.Print sum
5.stop
Result
Thus the program is sucessfully executed and the desired output is obtained.
output
enter the no.
1 2
result =3
Vernier Bevel Protractor
pls click on fig. to be clear
Simplest angle measuring instrument.It consisit of :
i. Main Body
ii. base plate stock
iii.Adjustable blade
iv.Circular plate containing vernier scale
v. acute angle attachment
Above fig shows the Vernier Bevel Protractor with acute angle attachment.The body is designed in such a way that its back is flat and there are no projection beyond its back.The flatness of the body is tested by checking the squareness of blade with respect to base plate (blade at 90 degree)
the base plate is attached to the main body, and an adjustable blade is attachedto a circular plate containing vernier scale. The adjustable blade is capable of rotating freely about the centre of the main scale engraved on the body of the instrument can be locked in any position.The base of the base plate is made flat so that it could be laid flat upon work.Blade can move through its length and reversed. It is 150 or 300mm long,13mm width and 2mm thick.
bevel protractor are tested for flatness,Squareness,parallelism,straightness,etc.
Angular Measurments
Angular Measurments are frequently necessary for the manufacture of interchangeable parts The ships and aeroplanes can navigate confidently without the help of the sight of the land, only because of precise angular measurement.
Angle Standards
In angular measurement , the end standard takes the form of either angle gauges or polygon with the angle defined between adjacent faces. While the line standard takes the form of uniformly defined circles with the lines engraved at regular intervals of say one degree.
Applications of Robots
1. Material Transfer
The robot is used to move the work part from one location to another it includes
a. pick and place operation
b. transfer of work parts from one conveyor to another
c. palletizing and depalletizing
2. Machine loading and unloading
In this robot is used for loading a work part to a production machine and after machining it is unloader.
eg. Die casting - unloader part from die
Hot Forging - loaded the hot billet into the die, hold it during the process and then remove
injection moulding, press working,etc.
3. Welding
a. Spotwelding - Robots helps to position the welding gun at correct location, squeeze the two electrode against welding parts,weld and hold the workpiece,release the tool
b. Arc welding - Contouring robots are used for are welding
- high productivity
- improve safety
- high quality weld
4. Spray Painting
Since spray painting is hazards to human being we are using robots.
- high quality coating
- lower material usage
5. Processing Stations Coperation
It is done by collection the tool to the robot's wrist as end effector,drilling, riveting, grinding,polishing can be done using robot.
6. Assembling and Inspections
Robots can used for assembly and inspection is also hundred percent. Mechanical prop.,optical sensor, used for inspection.
- PUMA assembly
Robot Programming Languages
I .VAL(Victors Assembly Language)
It is developed for robots called PUMA
(a) MONIT commands
It is a set of administrative instructions that direct the operation of robot system
The functions are
- Preparing the system for user to write the program
- defining the points in space.
- Command the PUMA to execute the program
eg. EDIT,EXECUTE,SPEED, HERE
EDIT - used to create or modify the program
EXECUTE- to execute the program
SPEED- controlling the speed
HERE-to define the current position of robot
(b) Program Instruction
Program instruction are entered into the memory to form program by using the MONIT command EDIT, this prepare the system to receive program instruction statement in a proper order.
eg. MOVE - moves the robot to a specified location
DEPART- moves the tool the distance given along the current z-axis
OPEN -to open or close the gripper
EXIT - to exit
II.MCL(Machine Control Language)
It is based on NC language but it is beside to control a complete manufacturing cell. including a cell with robot.MCL is a enhancement of APT which posses additional option and features needed to do the offline programming of work cell
Application
Vision,inspection,control using this programming-commands
DEVICE-to activate a device in the workcell
SEND-to cause an output signal to reach a definite destination
RECEIVE- it cause as input signal to be accepted from a defined source
TASK- allow program to define a certain portion program as a task
Robot Programming
1.Manual Method
It is a procedure used for simpler robots and it involves the setting of mechanical stops,cams etc .in robots control unit and pick place operation robot follows this method.
2.Walk through Method
The programmer manually moves the robot arm and hand through the motion sequence of work cycle Each movements is recorded into the memory for the subsequent play back during the production. The speed can be controlled independently. The programmer does not have worry about cycle time during the walk through method.
eg. used for spray painting, arc welding, etc.
3.Lead Through method
A teach pendant to power drive the robot through its motion sequence. teach pendant is usually a small hand held device with switch and dial to control robot's physical movements. Here also each motion is recorded into the memory.
4.OFF- line Programming
It is similar to NC part programming. a program is prepared and its is stored into the robot memory for the machining during a work cycle.The advantage is time lost due to the teaching of robot is avoided and we can use the service of CAD/CAM system for the advance operation
