Evolution of Industrial Engineering

Though F.W.Taylor is named as the father of scientific managment and industrial engineering.
1. 1732 - James Ark Wright - invented the spinning Frames
Which has improved the productivity and quality (British Cotton Textile Industry)
2. 1769 - James Watt -developed Steam Engine
Thus steam engine power brought revolution in industries in terms of useful replacement of manpower by steam power
3. 1776 - Adam Smith - wealth of nations
Introduced concept of division of labour
4. 1772-1891 - Charles Babbage- the economy of machine and manufacturing
Concept -"The Economy of Machinery and Manufacturing " he also reffered the relation and conflicts between labour and management.
5. 1900 - F.W. Taylor- Scientific approach
Scientific approach to managament could improve labour efficency and productivity.he analysis the basic work content of a task and he redesign the task after eliminating the unproductive elements in order to improve the efficency .Relationship of executives and workers and participation of workers in decisison making.
I . Develop a standarised method for doing a job
II . Eliminating waste
III. Wage incentives payment system
IV . Scientific Selection
V . Develop greater understanding between managers and workers
VI . divide work between managament and labour
6. 1900 - Gilberth - MicroMotion study- Therbligs
Principal contribution was identification,analysis and measurement of fundamental motions involved in performing a task. He developed the micro motion study,i.e the subdivision of motion involved in the task.he develops Concept of fatigue in work, and efficency in work-methods
7. 1901 - Henry Gantt- Gantt chart
main application solve scheduling problems. In different forms provide a Systematic Graphical Procedure for Planning ans Scheduling various activies, Reviewing Progress and to Update the Schedules
8. 1913 - Harrington Emerson - principles of efficency
I . Clearly defined ideas
II . Common sense
III. Competent counsel
IV . Displine
V . Fair deal
VI . Reliable,immediate and adequate records
VII.Dispaching
VIII.Standards and Schedules
IX .Efficieny rewards
9. 1915 - F.W.Harris- inventory control
established an optimized technique in inventory economics
10. 1931 - Walter A.Schewhart - statistics in Production
Concept of quality control , inspection, sampling plans
11. 1935 - H.F.Dodge and H.G.Roming
economics of inspection, Stastical sampling to Quality control, Samling Plans.
12. 1937 - L.H.C. Tippet-developed working sampling to study the pattern of work
determine the equipment and manpower utilisation and for selling performance standards for long cycle, hetrogenous jobs.
13. 1940 - P.M.S.Blacket -concept of optimisation,called O.R
14. 1947 - George b. Dantzing
mathematical programming , non linear Programming
15. A.Charles,W.W.Cooper-programming
16. 1955 - I.B.M-Digital Computer
17. 1960 - L.Cumming and L.Poter
organisational Behaviour,study people at work,integartion of man and machine etc.
18. 1970 - Simulation
of production problems, automation,Human Enigneering, Simulation of entire production systems,Automation of Factory, Unmanned Factory

Co-efficient of Performance (c.o.p)

It is defined as the ratio of heat extracted in the refrigerator to the work done one the refrigerant
Theo. C.O.P =Q/W

Q= Amount of heat extracted in the refrigerator
W=Amount of work done

Relative C.O.P =actual c.o.p/theo. c.o.p

Problem 1.
1.Find the C.O.P of a refrigerator system if work input is 80KJ/Kg and the refrigeration effect produced is 160KJ/Kg of refrigerant flowing ?

Ans.
C.O.P =Q/W ( Q=160KJ/Kg)
=160/80 (W=80KJ/Kg)
=2KJ/Kg

Refrigeration

Refrigeration
Refrigeration is defined as the process of removing heat from a substance under controlled condition or it means a continous extraction of heat from a body whose temperature is already below the temperature of surroundings.
Unit of Refrigeration
Practical Unit of refrigeration is expressed in terms of tonne of refrigeration (TR)
Which is defined as the amount of refrigeration effect produced by the uniform melting of 1 tonne of ice from and at 0 degree celcius in 24 hours.

latent heat of ice =335 KJ/Kg
1TR =1000*335/(24*60)
=232.6 KJ/min
In actual practice 1 tonne of ice is taken as equalent to 210 KJ/min or 3.5KW or KJ/s

Definition and Concept of Metrology

Metrology is a science of measurement.Metrology may be divided depending upon the quantity under consideration into: Metrology of length,metrology of time etc.Depending upon the field of application -industrial metrology and Medical metrology etc.
Engineering metrology is restricted to the measurement of length,angles and other quantities which expressed in linear or angular terms.
In a border sense metrology is not limited to length and angle measurement but also concerned with numerous problems theoretical as well as practical related with measurement such as
1. units of measurement and their standards
2. Methods of measurement based on agreed units and standards.
3. Errors of measurement
4. measuring instruments and devices
5. Accuracy of measuring instruments and their care
6. Industrial inspection
7. Design, manufacturing and testing of gauges of all kinds

Definition and Concept of Industrial Engineering

Industrial Engineering is concerned with the design, improvement and installation of integrated system of people, material,equipment and energy.it draws upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mathematical,physical and science together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design to specify, predict and evaluate the result to be obtained from such system.(defined by A.I.I.E)
I.E is an engineering approach to the detailed analysis and design of the optimum utilization of men, material,money, machine, equipment,and energy i.e the main resources of an organization. The industrial Engineer carries out such analysis in order to achieve the objectives i.e to increase productivity of the organization by uitilising the resources effectively and efficiently.Essentially the Industrial Engineer is engaged in the design of a system and his function is primarily that of management.
The market is facing with severe competition, in almost every sector. The expectation of the customers are increasing day to day and manufactures are struggling to design and produce goods in as much variety as possible to cater to the demands of the new generation customers.Thus there is a challange before the industries to manufacture goods of right quality, and quantity, at right time ,and at minimum cost for their growth survival and even survivalthis demands increase in productvity of the organisation. Industrial Enigneering is going to play an important role in increasing the productivity.
Productivity Improvement Implies
1.more efficient utilization of resources such as men,materials,machine, money, energy.
2.less wastage in production.
3.Maximum output with minimum input at desired quality